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href="/assets/styles/CD-Bible/islam/islam-charia/Droit%20musulman%20-%20Wikip%C3%83%C2%A9dia_fichiers/commonPrint.css" type="text/css" rel=stylesheet> <!-- Head Scripts --><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="3074"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body lang=FR link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:35.4pt'> <div class=Section1> <div id=globalWrapper> <div id=column-content> <div id=content> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="80%" style='width:80.0%;mso-cellspacing:0cm;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td width="100%" style='width:100.0%;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <div id=globalWrapper0> <div id=column-content0> <div id=content0> <h1 style='margin-top:18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:18.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Droit musulman<o:p></o:p></span></h1> <div id=bodyContent0> <p style='line-height:18.0pt'>Un article de <span class=SpellE>Wikipédia</span>, l'encyclopédie libre.</p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:19.3pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Le système du <b>droit musulman</b> est de nature essentiellement religieuse&nbsp;: les deux sont indissociables. Selon Jean-Paul Payre, docteur en droit et diplômé de l'Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble, <span class=citation>«&nbsp;Le droit musulman est un système de devoirs comprenant des obligations rituelles, morales et légales, mises sur le même plan, toutes soumises à&nbsp; l'autorité du même impératif religieux&nbsp; »</span>. <a name="_ref-0"></a>Droit musulman et religion sont si fortement interpénétrés que ne pas suivre les lois fait de la personne un hérétique qui s'exclue de la communauté. L'existence d'un droit laïc n'est donc a priori pas <span class=GramE>possible<span class=citecrochet>[</span></span>1<span class=citecrochet>]</span>. Le droit est d'ordre divin. En principe, le droit musulman ne s'applique qu'au musulman. En terre d'islam, les autres croyants sont régit par la <span class=SpellE>dhimma</span> (protection tutélaire).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:19.3pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>La loi est structurée en deux parties&nbsp;:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:19.3pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:86.1pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l8 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:86.1pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Al <span class=SpellE>Mu'amalat</span></span></i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> qui concerne la morale, le droit civil, le droit pénal, <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:19.3pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:86.1pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l8 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:86.1pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Al '<span class=SpellE>Ibadat</span></span></i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> qui concerne la liturgie, la prière, l'adoration <o:p></o:p></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellpadding=0 width="60%" style='width:60.0%;mso-cellspacing:1.5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt' id=toc0 summary=Sommaire> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'> <div id=toctitle0> <h2 style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Sommaire<o:p></o:p></span></h2> </div> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#Sources_du_droit_musulman"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>1</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Sources du droit musulman</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#Le_Coran"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'>1.1</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Le Coran</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#La_sunna"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'>1.2</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>La sunna</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#ijma"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'>1.3</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Le consensus des juristes&nbsp;: <span class=SpellE>ijmâ</span>`</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#qiyas"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'>1.4</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>La méthode de raisonnement par analogie&nbsp;: <span class=SpellE>qiyâs</span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#Sources_secondaires"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'>1.5</span></span><span style='text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Sources secondaires</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#Historique"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'>2</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Historique</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#Secteurs_du_droit"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'>3</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Secteurs du droit</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#Activit.C3.A9s_cultuelles"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>3.1</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Activités cultuelles</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#Statut_personnel"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'>3.2</span></span><span style='text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Statut personnel</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#Droit_commercial_et_financier"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>3.3</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Droit commercial et financier</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#Droit_international"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'>3.4</span></span><span style='text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Droit international</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#Acteurs_du_droit"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'>4</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Acteurs du droit</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#Le_cadi"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'>4.1</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Le cadi</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4; tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#Le_mufti"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'>4.2</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Le mufti</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#L.27adel"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'>5</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none; text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>L'<span class=SpellE>adel</span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a href="#Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>6 </span></span><span class=toctext><span style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Notes et références</span></span></a></span></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:19.2pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <h2 style='margin-top:24.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:1.15pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Sources_du_droit_musulman" id="Sources_du_droit_musulman0"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>1 - Sources du droit musulman<o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Bien que connu particulièrement des occidentaux pour son statut personnel et son code pénal, ce droit englobe l'ensemble des activités humaines, incluant aussi des règles de commerce et de gouvernement. Selon les écoles, différentes lois charia seront produites. Il s'appuie sur quatre sources principales (<span class=SpellE>fiqh</span>)&nbsp;:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Le_Coran" id="Le_Coran0"></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt; line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Le Coran<o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Selon Louis Massignon, <span class=citation>«&nbsp;le Coran constitue essentiellement le code révélé d'un Etat <span class=SpellE>supra-national</span>&nbsp; »</span>. Les contenus à caractères légaux du Coran sont insuffisants pour régler l'ensemble des questions de droit. Un <span class=SpellE>tafsir</span> (exégèse musulmane) du Coran est rendu nécessaire de par plusieurs passages peu clairs. Le type et la méthode de <span class=SpellE>tafsir</span> va créer plusieurs écoles de droit, ou rite (<i>cf. infra</i>). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="La_sunna" id="La_sunna0"></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt; line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>La sunna<o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Elle est consignée dans le hadith (dits et faits ainsi que silences) du prophète Mahomet et de ses compagnons relatés par des chaines d'intermédiaires appelés aussi <i>garants</i>. Le prophète est considéré comme un exemple pour l'ensemble des musulmans. Ces hadiths vont donc servir de matière première lors de l'élaboration des lois&nbsp;: ce qu'a fait le prophète en telle circonstance aura force de loi, en première approximation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:6.0pt; margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<a name=ijma></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Le_consensus_des_juristes_:_ijm.C3.A2.60" id="Le_consensus_des_juristes_:_ijm.C3.A2.61"></a><span style='font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Le consensus des juristes&nbsp;: <span class=SpellE><i>ijmâ</i></span><i>`</i><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Non reconnue par les chiites, elle se fonde sur un hadith&nbsp;: <span class=citation>«&nbsp;Ma communauté ne s'accordera jamais sur une erreur&nbsp;»</span>. Le mot important est «&nbsp;consensus&nbsp;». <o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<a name=qiyas></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="La_m.C3.A9thode_de_raisonnement_par_anal" id="La_m.C3.A9thode_de_raisonnement_par_analogie_:_qiy.C3.A2s0"></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>La méthode de raisonnement par analogie&nbsp;: <span class=SpellE><i>qiyâs</i></span><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Si une règle est connue concernant un élément particulier, il est possible de décliner cette règle sur un élément similaire. Là&nbsp; aussi, les écoles divergent sur cette utilisation. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Sources_secondaires" id="Sources_secondaires0"></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Sources secondaires<o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>A ces quatre sources s'ajoutent plusieurs autres sources secondaires&nbsp;:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'opinion personnelle ou <span class=SpellE><i>istihsân</i></span> (approbation) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span class=GramE><span style='font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'<span class=SpellE><i>istislâh</i></span> ,</span></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%'> prise en considération de l'intérêt général <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%'>la coutume (<span class=SpellE><i>Bil</i></span><i> <span class=SpellE>Mahrouf</span></i> ou <i>`<span class=SpellE>âda</span></i>) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>C'est ainsi que des coutumes <span class=SpellE>pré-islamiques</span> ont pu être intégrées dans la loi musulmane. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo8;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'imitation des décisions des anciens (<span class=SpellE><i>taqlid</i></span>), par opposition à&nbsp; l'<span class=SpellE><i>ijtihad</i></span> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo8;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'<span class=SpellE><i>ijtihad</i></span>, effort de réflexion personnelle basée sur les principes généraux de l'islam. Elle est pratiquée par les muftis (juristes) ou les <span class=SpellE>mujtahids</span> (savants). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Pour les problèmes de proximité, les jugements sont rendus par les cadis. Ils ne sont toutefois pas source de droit&nbsp;: pas d'effet de jurisprudence, à&nbsp; la différence du droit américain par exemple.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <h2 style='margin-top:24.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:1.15pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name=Historique id=Historique0></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>2 - Historique<o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Plusieurs écoles de droit (<span class=SpellE>Madhhab</span>) existent selon la localisation géographique. Aux premiers temps de l'islam, les plus importantes étaient celles de <span class=SpellE>Kufa</span>, Médine, <span class=SpellE>Bassorah</span> et La Mecque. Par compétition, ces écoles ont peu à&nbsp; peu laissé place à&nbsp; certains courants de pensée inspirés par un grand juriste et son école et ne sont plus cantonnées à&nbsp; un emplacement géographique.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>On dénombre de nos jours plusieurs courants s'inspirant des écoles majeures, et autant de déclinaisons de la charia, ou loi musulmane. Il en existe quatre majeures pour le sunnisme et deux pour le chiisme. Un évènement très important a lieu au </span><span title="Nombre 4 écrit en chiffres romains"><span class=romain><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt; line-height:150%;text-transform:uppercase'>IV</span></span></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt;line-height:150%'>e</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> siècle de l'Hégire (</span><span title="Nombre 10 écrit en chiffres romains"><span class=romain><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt; line-height:150%;text-transform:uppercase'>X</span></span></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt;line-height:150%'>e</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> siècle)&nbsp;: un calife abbasside ferme les &quot;portes de l'interprétation&quot; (<span class=SpellE>Bab</span> el <span class=SpellE>ijtihad</span>) et fige l'interprétation personnelle du Coran&nbsp;: seules les quatre écoles sunnites qui se sont développées jusqu'alors sont conservées et en principe, aucune autre ne peut se développer.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l7 level1 lfo10;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'école <b>hanafite</b>, d'Abu <span class=SpellE>Hanifa</span> <span class=SpellE>Al-Nu'man</span> Ibn <span class=SpellE>Thabit</span> (699 - 760), dite école de la libre opinion car elle fait une grande place à&nbsp; l'interprétation&nbsp;; on la retrouve aujourd'hui en Turquie, ex-URSS, Jordanie, Syrie, ... <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l6 level1 lfo12;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'école <span class=SpellE><b>malekite</b></span>, de <span class=SpellE>Mâlik</span> ibn Anas (env. 712 - env. 796), est celle qui s'inspire le plus de la sunna&nbsp;; on retrouve son influence aujourd'hui en Égypte, au Maghreb, au Soudan, en Afrique occidentale <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l1 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'école <span class=SpellE><b>shafiite</b></span>, de <span class=SpellE>Mouhammad</span> <span class=SpellE>abk</span> <span class=SpellE>àbd</span> <span class=SpellE>allah</span> ben <span class=SpellE>idr+s</span> <span class=SpellE>aa</span>-<span class=SpellE>afi</span>`+ (767 - 820), tente de trouver un moyen terme entre les deux écoles ci-dessus&nbsp;; on la retrouve en Palestine, au Pakistan, au Kurdistan, en Asie du sud-est, et en Afrique de l'Est <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l11 level1 lfo16;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'école <b>hanbalite</b>, d'Ibn <span class=SpellE>Hanbal</span> (780 - 855), est exclusivement attachée à&nbsp; la sunna&nbsp;; on la retrouve aujourd'hui en Arabie saoudite et au Qatar <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; tab-stops:57.75pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; line-height:150%'>Il existe par ailleurs deux écoles chiites principales&nbsp;:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo18;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'école <span class=SpellE><b>ja'farite</b></span>, en Irak et en Iran <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l4 level1 lfo18;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'école <b>zaydite</b>, de <span class=SpellE>Dawud</span> ben `<span class=SpellE>Alî</span> al-<span class=SpellE>Isfahânî</span>, repris par Ibn <span class=SpellE>Hazm</span> de Cordoue, Andalousie, actuellement rencontrée au <span class=SpellE>Yemen</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Plusieurs points de divergences séparent ces écoles. Par exemple, la différence de traitement des versets du Coran, <span class=SpellE>abrogeants</span> et abrogés, la pondération relative des diverses sources de savoir, ...<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Ce qui caractérise les fondamentalistes ou intégristes musulmans est, par définition, leur rejet de ces différentes écoles&nbsp;: ils se définissent comme musulmans, sans aucune distinction, par conséquent pas d'obédience à&nbsp; une école de droit (intégriste&nbsp;: dans son intégralité). Il s'agit d'une position dogmatique et n'ayant que peu de prise sur les aspects pratiques inhérents à&nbsp; une école de droit pragmatique.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <h2 style='margin-top:24.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:1.15pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Secteurs_du_droit" id="Secteurs_du_droit0"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>3 - Secteurs du droit<o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Bien qu'il ne soit plus appliqué en l'état aujourd'hui, le droit musulman couvre l'ensemble des domaines du droit.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Activit.C3.A9s_cultuelles" id="Activit.C3.A9s_cultuelles0"></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Activités cultuelles<o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Ce secteur comprend les obligations religieuses proprement dites, en particulier les règles régissant la prière ou la nourriture.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Statut_personnel" id="Statut_personnel0"></a><span style='font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>Statut personnel<o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Secteur le plus connu du droit musulman, le statut personnel musulman est appliqué dans la plupart des pays musulman. Il régit particulièrement le mariage, la filiation et l'héritage.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Il se distingue du droit occidental par l'importance qu'il apporte à&nbsp; la filiation paternelle&nbsp;: un enfant ne peut être privé de filiation paternelle. C'est dans cette optique que l'Islam prohibe l'adoption, a laquelle il substitut la <span class=SpellE>kafala</span>, mesure de recueil légal qui n'altère pas la filiation de l'enfant.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Droit_commercial_et_financier" id="Droit_commercial_et_financier0"></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Droit commercial et financier<o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>Le droit musulman régit les activités commerciales et financières, de plusieurs manières.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>Tout d'abord en interdisant les activités commerciales fondées sur des activités interdites par d'autres branches du droit musulman&nbsp;: c'est le cas par exemple de la vente d'alcool.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom: 6.0pt;margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>Il prohibe aussi le prêt à intérêt, interdisant aussi bien le fait de prêter que d'obtenir un tel prêt.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></h3> <h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Droit_international"></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Droit international<o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Secteur du droit islamique tombé en désuétude à&nbsp; l'époque contemporaine, du fait de la domination du droit international d'inspiration occidentale.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Le droit international musulman repose sur deux principes&nbsp;:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l10 level1 lfo20;tab-stops:list 57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Le partage du monde en deux ensembles distincts&nbsp;: le <i>Dar al-Islam</i> (domaine de l'Islam, ou domaine de la soumission), où règne un souverain musulman, zone de paix soumise à&nbsp; la loi islamique, et le <i>Dar al <span class=SpellE>Harb</span></i> (domaine de la guerre), zone sous contrôle des infidèles, qui a vocation à&nbsp; être soumise puis intégrée au dar al islam. Entre les deux peut exister une troisième zone, le <i>Dar al '<span class=SpellE>Ahd</span></i> (domaine de la trêve), zone qui n'est pas soumise à&nbsp; la <span class=SpellE>shariah</span>, mais avec laquelle les musulmans ont conclu une trêve, généralement après paiement d'un tribut. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l5 level1 lfo22;tab-stops:list 57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%; font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:150%'>L'existence du califat&nbsp;: Le droit musulman ne conçoit l'existence que d'un seul état légitime sur le domaine <span class=GramE>du</span> <i>dar al islam</i>, le califat. Par conséquent, afin de penser les relations entre les différents états musulmans, les juristes ont inventé une fiction juridique&nbsp;: un état est le successeur du califat, les autres étant considérés comme des groupes rebelles. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <h2 style='margin-top:24.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:1.15pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Acteurs_du_droit" id="Acteurs_du_droit0"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>4 - Acteurs du droit<o:p></o:p></span></h2> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Le_cadi" id="Le_cadi0"></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt; line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Le cadi<o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Le cadi est le juge de droit musulman. Un appel contre ses décisions peut être interjeté auprès du mufti.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Le_mufti" id="Le_mufti0"></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt; line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Le mufti<o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Le mufti, ou mollah pour les chiites, est une personne connaissant le droit musulman à&nbsp; qui le requérant (personne physique ou morale) demande de rendre un avis sur un problème juridique ou pratique, une demande de conformités aux préceptes du droit musulman. Au terme de cette consultation, le mufti émet une fatwa. Le premier mufti est Dieu, parlant par l'intermédiaire de Mahomet (selon la croyance musulmane). A la disparition de celui-ci, la fonction de mufti est endossée par les califes, puis par des personnes spécialisées (Oulémas) et muftis. Le mufti est donc dans le système de droit musulman un substitut de Dieu, un héritier du prophète. Il est celui qui distingue les actes halal (licites) des actes <span class=SpellE>haram</span> illicites.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><br> En l'absence de mufti pour le conseiller, un musulman ne sera pas tenu responsable de ses actions s'il commet une erreur, quoi qu'il fasse&nbsp;: il est considéré comme &quot;ignorant&quot; (<span class=SpellE>jehel</span>). Il est donc nécessaire à&nbsp; toute société musulmane d'avoir un mufti, y compris aujourd'hui. Bien que les états modernes n'aient plus techniquement besoin de lui, par la mise sur papier d'un code, il n'est pas rare que des muftis soient en ligne sur Internet ou répondent à&nbsp; des questions à&nbsp; la télévision.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <h2 style='margin-top:24.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:1.15pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name=L.27adel id=L.27adel0></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>5 - L'<span class=SpellE>adel</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>L'<span class=SpellE>adel</span> (pluriel&nbsp;: <span class=SpellE>adouls</span>) est le notaire de droit musulman. Au Maroc, c'est lui qui a la charge de célébrer les mariages.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 style='margin-top:24.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:1.15pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences" id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences0"></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Notes et références<o:p></o:p></span></h3> <div> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-list:l0 level1 lfo24;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;  Voir cependant le cas de la Turquie, pays laïc. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt; margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Served by srv109 in 0.097 secs. --> <p style='margin-right:61.7pt;line-height:18.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id=bodyContent> <div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Served by srv109 in 0.097 secs. --> </body> </html>