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<h1 style='margin-top:18.0pt;mso-line-height-alt:18.0pt'><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Droit musulman<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<p style='line-height:18.0pt'>Un article de <span class=SpellE>Wikipédia</span>,
l'encyclopédie libre.</p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:19.3pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Le
système du <b>droit musulman</b> est de nature essentiellement
religieuse : les deux sont indissociables. Selon Jean-Paul Payre, docteur
en droit et diplômé de l'Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble, <span
class=citation>« Le droit musulman est un système de devoirs comprenant
des obligations rituelles, morales et légales, mises sur le même plan, toutes
soumises à l'autorité du même impératif religieux »</span>. <a
name="_ref-0"></a>Droit musulman et religion sont si fortement interpénétrés
que ne pas suivre les lois fait de la personne un hérétique qui s'exclue de
la communauté. L'existence d'un droit laïc n'est donc a priori pas <span
class=GramE>possible<span class=citecrochet>[</span></span>1<span
class=citecrochet>]</span>. Le droit est d'ordre divin. En principe, le droit
musulman ne s'applique qu'au musulman. En terre d'islam, les autres croyants
sont régit par la <span class=SpellE>dhimma</span> (protection tutélaire).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:19.3pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>La loi
est structurée en deux parties :<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:19.3pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:86.1pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l8 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:86.1pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Al <span class=SpellE>Mu'amalat</span></span></i><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> qui
concerne la morale, le droit civil, le droit pénal, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:19.3pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:86.1pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l8 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:86.1pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Al '<span class=SpellE>Ibadat</span></span></i><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> qui
concerne la liturgie, la prière, l'adoration <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div align=center>
<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellpadding=0 width="60%"
style='width:60.0%;mso-cellspacing:1.5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:
0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt' id=toc0 summary=Sommaire>
<tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
<td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'>
<div id=toctitle0>
<h2 style='line-height:18.0pt'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Sommaire<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
</div>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#Sources_du_droit_musulman"><span class=tocnumber><span
style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>1</span></span><span
style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Sources
du droit musulman</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#Le_Coran"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>1.1</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Le Coran</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#La_sunna"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>1.2</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>La sunna</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#ijma"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>1.3</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Le consensus des juristes : <span
class=SpellE>ijmâ</span>`</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#qiyas"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>1.4</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>La méthode de raisonnement par
analogie : <span class=SpellE>qiyâs</span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#Sources_secondaires"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none'>1.5</span></span><span style='text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Sources secondaires</span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#Historique"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>2</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Historique</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#Secteurs_du_droit"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none'>3</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Secteurs du droit</span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#Activit.C3.A9s_cultuelles"><span class=tocnumber><span
style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>3.1</span></span><span
style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Activités
cultuelles</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#Statut_personnel"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none'>3.2</span></span><span style='text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Statut personnel</span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#Droit_commercial_et_financier"><span class=tocnumber><span
style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>3.3</span></span><span
style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Droit
commercial et financier</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#Droit_international"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none'>3.4</span></span><span style='text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Droit international</span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#Acteurs_du_droit"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none'>4</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Acteurs du droit</span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#Le_cadi"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>4.1</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Le cadi</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level2 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#Le_mufti"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>4.2</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>Le mufti</span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#L.27adel"><span class=tocnumber><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>5</span></span><span style='text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'> <span class=toctext>L'<span class=SpellE>adel</span></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:
36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-17.85pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;
tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><a
href="#Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"><span class=tocnumber><span
style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>6 </span></span><span
class=toctext><span style='text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>Notes
et références</span></span></a></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:19.2pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'> <span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style='margin-top:24.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:1.15pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a
name="Sources_du_droit_musulman" id="Sources_du_droit_musulman0"></a><span
style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>1 - Sources du droit
musulman<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Bien que
connu particulièrement des occidentaux pour son statut personnel et son code
pénal, ce droit englobe l'ensemble des activités humaines, incluant aussi des
règles de commerce et de gouvernement. Selon les écoles, différentes lois
charia seront produites. Il s'appuie sur quatre sources principales (<span
class=SpellE>fiqh</span>) :<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Le_Coran"
id="Le_Coran0"></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;
line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Le Coran<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Selon
Louis Massignon, <span class=citation>« le Coran constitue
essentiellement le code révélé d'un Etat <span class=SpellE>supra-national</span>
»</span>. Les contenus à caractères légaux du Coran sont insuffisants pour
régler l'ensemble des questions de droit. Un <span class=SpellE>tafsir</span>
(exégèse musulmane) du Coran est rendu nécessaire de par plusieurs passages peu
clairs. Le type et la méthode de <span class=SpellE>tafsir</span> va créer
plusieurs écoles de droit, ou rite (<i>cf. infra</i>). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="La_sunna"
id="La_sunna0"></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;
line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>La sunna<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Elle est
consignée dans le hadith (dits et faits ainsi que silences) du prophète
Mahomet et de ses compagnons relatés par des chaines d'intermédiaires appelés
aussi <i>garants</i>. Le prophète est considéré comme un exemple pour
l'ensemble des musulmans. Ces hadiths vont donc servir de matière première
lors de l'élaboration des lois : ce qu'a fait le prophète en telle
circonstance aura force de loi, en première approximation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'>
<p style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:6.0pt;
margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> <a
name=ijma></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a
name="Le_consensus_des_juristes_:_ijm.C3.A2.60"
id="Le_consensus_des_juristes_:_ijm.C3.A2.61"></a><span style='font-size:
14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>Le consensus des juristes : <span class=SpellE><i>ijmâ</i></span><i>`</i><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Non
reconnue par les chiites, elle se fonde sur un hadith : <span
class=citation>« Ma communauté ne s'accordera jamais sur une
erreur »</span>. Le mot important est « consensus ». <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> <a
name=qiyas></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a
name="La_m.C3.A9thode_de_raisonnement_par_anal"
id="La_m.C3.A9thode_de_raisonnement_par_analogie_:_qiy.C3.A2s0"></a><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>La méthode de raisonnement par
analogie : <span class=SpellE><i>qiyâs</i></span><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Si une
règle est connue concernant un élément particulier, il est possible de
décliner cette règle sur un élément similaire. Là aussi, les écoles
divergent sur cette utilisation. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a
name="Sources_secondaires" id="Sources_secondaires0"></a><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Sources secondaires<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>A ces
quatre sources s'ajoutent plusieurs autres sources secondaires :<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'opinion personnelle ou <span class=SpellE><i>istihsân</i></span>
(approbation) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span class=GramE><span style='font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'<span class=SpellE><i>istislâh</i></span>
,</span></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%'> prise en considération de l'intérêt général <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l9 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:150%'>la coutume (<span class=SpellE><i>Bil</i></span><i> <span
class=SpellE>Mahrouf</span></i> ou <i>`<span class=SpellE>âda</span></i>) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>C'est
ainsi que des coutumes <span class=SpellE>pré-islamiques</span> ont pu être
intégrées dans la loi musulmane. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo8;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'imitation des décisions des anciens (<span
class=SpellE><i>taqlid</i></span>), par opposition à l'<span
class=SpellE><i>ijtihad</i></span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l2 level1 lfo8;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'<span class=SpellE><i>ijtihad</i></span>, effort
de réflexion personnelle basée sur les principes généraux de l'islam. Elle
est pratiquée par les muftis (juristes) ou les <span class=SpellE>mujtahids</span>
(savants). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Pour les
problèmes de proximité, les jugements sont rendus par les cadis. Ils ne sont
toutefois pas source de droit : pas d'effet de jurisprudence, à la
différence du droit américain par exemple.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style='margin-top:24.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:1.15pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name=Historique
id=Historique0></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>2
- Historique<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Plusieurs
écoles de droit (<span class=SpellE>Madhhab</span>) existent selon la
localisation géographique. Aux premiers temps de l'islam, les plus
importantes étaient celles de <span class=SpellE>Kufa</span>, Médine, <span
class=SpellE>Bassorah</span> et La Mecque. Par compétition, ces écoles ont
peu à peu laissé place à certains courants de pensée inspirés par
un grand juriste et son école et ne sont plus cantonnées à un
emplacement géographique.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>On
dénombre de nos jours plusieurs courants s'inspirant des écoles majeures, et
autant de déclinaisons de la charia, ou loi musulmane. Il en existe quatre
majeures pour le sunnisme et deux pour le chiisme. Un évènement très
important a lieu au </span><span title="Nombre 4 écrit en chiffres romains"><span
class=romain><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;
line-height:150%;text-transform:uppercase'>IV</span></span></span><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt;line-height:150%'>e</span><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> siècle
de l'Hégire (</span><span title="Nombre 10 écrit en chiffres romains"><span
class=romain><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.0pt;
line-height:150%;text-transform:uppercase'>X</span></span></span><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt;line-height:150%'>e</span><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>
siècle) : un calife abbasside ferme les "portes de
l'interprétation" (<span class=SpellE>Bab</span> el <span class=SpellE>ijtihad</span>)
et fige l'interprétation personnelle du Coran : seules les quatre écoles
sunnites qui se sont développées jusqu'alors sont conservées et en principe,
aucune autre ne peut se développer.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l7 level1 lfo10;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'école <b>hanafite</b>, d'Abu <span class=SpellE>Hanifa</span>
<span class=SpellE>Al-Nu'man</span> Ibn <span class=SpellE>Thabit</span> (699
- 760), dite école de la libre opinion car elle fait une grande place à
l'interprétation ; on la retrouve aujourd'hui en Turquie, ex-URSS,
Jordanie, Syrie, ... <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l6 level1 lfo12;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'école <span class=SpellE><b>malekite</b></span>,
de <span class=SpellE>Mâlik</span> ibn Anas (env. 712 - env. 796), est celle
qui s'inspire le plus de la sunna ; on retrouve son influence aujourd'hui
en Égypte, au Maghreb, au Soudan, en Afrique occidentale <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l1 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'école <span class=SpellE><b>shafiite</b></span>,
de <span class=SpellE>Mouhammad</span> <span class=SpellE>abk</span> <span
class=SpellE>àbd</span> <span class=SpellE>allah</span> ben <span
class=SpellE>idr+s</span> <span class=SpellE>aa</span>-<span class=SpellE>afi</span>`+
(767 - 820), tente de trouver un moyen terme entre les deux écoles
ci-dessus ; on la retrouve en Palestine, au Pakistan, au Kurdistan, en
Asie du sud-est, et en Afrique de l'Est <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l11 level1 lfo16;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'école <b>hanbalite</b>, d'Ibn <span class=SpellE>Hanbal</span>
(780 - 855), est exclusivement attachée à la sunna ; on la
retrouve aujourd'hui en Arabie saoudite et au Qatar <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
tab-stops:57.75pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%'>Il existe par ailleurs deux écoles chiites
principales :<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l4 level1 lfo18;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'école <span class=SpellE><b>ja'farite</b></span>,
en Irak et en Iran <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l4 level1 lfo18;tab-stops:57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:150%'>l'école <b>zaydite</b>, de <span class=SpellE>Dawud</span>
ben `<span class=SpellE>Alî</span> al-<span class=SpellE>Isfahânî</span>,
repris par Ibn <span class=SpellE>Hazm</span> de Cordoue, Andalousie,
actuellement rencontrée au <span class=SpellE>Yemen</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Plusieurs
points de divergences séparent ces écoles. Par exemple, la différence de
traitement des versets du Coran, <span class=SpellE>abrogeants</span> et
abrogés, la pondération relative des diverses sources de savoir, ...<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Ce qui
caractérise les fondamentalistes ou intégristes musulmans est, par
définition, leur rejet de ces différentes écoles : ils se définissent
comme musulmans, sans aucune distinction, par conséquent pas d'obédience
à une école de droit (intégriste : dans son intégralité). Il
s'agit d'une position dogmatique et n'ayant que peu de prise sur les aspects
pratiques inhérents à une école de droit pragmatique.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style='margin-top:24.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:1.15pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a
name="Secteurs_du_droit" id="Secteurs_du_droit0"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>3 - Secteurs du droit<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Bien
qu'il ne soit plus appliqué en l'état aujourd'hui, le droit musulman couvre
l'ensemble des domaines du droit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a
name="Activit.C3.A9s_cultuelles" id="Activit.C3.A9s_cultuelles0"></a><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Activités cultuelles<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Ce secteur
comprend les obligations religieuses proprement dites, en particulier les
règles régissant la prière ou la nourriture.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a
name="Statut_personnel" id="Statut_personnel0"></a><span style='font-size:
14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>Statut personnel<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Secteur
le plus connu du droit musulman, le statut personnel musulman est appliqué
dans la plupart des pays musulman. Il régit particulièrement le mariage, la
filiation et l'héritage.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Il se
distingue du droit occidental par l'importance qu'il apporte à la
filiation paternelle : un enfant ne peut être privé de filiation
paternelle. C'est dans cette optique que l'Islam prohibe l'adoption, a
laquelle il substitut la <span class=SpellE>kafala</span>, mesure de recueil
légal qui n'altère pas la filiation de l'enfant.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a
name="Droit_commercial_et_financier" id="Droit_commercial_et_financier0"></a><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Droit commercial et financier<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:
6.0pt;margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>Le droit musulman
régit les activités commerciales et financières, de plusieurs manières.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:
6.0pt;margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>Tout d'abord en
interdisant les activités commerciales fondées sur des activités interdites
par d'autres branches du droit musulman : c'est le cas par exemple de la
vente d'alcool.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:4.8pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:
6.0pt;margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>Il prohibe aussi le
prêt à intérêt, interdisant aussi bien le fait de prêter que d'obtenir un tel
prêt.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p> </o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a
name="Droit_international"></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
13.5pt;line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Droit
international<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Secteur
du droit islamique tombé en désuétude à l'époque contemporaine, du fait
de la domination du droit international d'inspiration occidentale.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Le droit
international musulman repose sur deux principes :<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l10 level1 lfo20;tab-stops:list 57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Le partage du monde en deux ensembles
distincts : le <i>Dar al-Islam</i> (domaine de l'Islam, ou domaine de la
soumission), où règne un souverain musulman, zone de paix soumise à la
loi islamique, et le <i>Dar al <span class=SpellE>Harb</span></i> (domaine de
la guerre), zone sous contrôle des infidèles, qui a vocation à être
soumise puis intégrée au dar al islam. Entre les deux peut exister une
troisième zone, le <i>Dar al '<span class=SpellE>Ahd</span></i> (domaine de
la trêve), zone qui n'est pas soumise à la <span class=SpellE>shariah</span>,
mais avec laquelle les musulmans ont conclu une trêve, généralement après
paiement d'un tribut. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:57.75pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l5 level1 lfo22;tab-stops:list 57.75pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:150%'>L'existence du califat : Le droit musulman ne
conçoit l'existence que d'un seul état légitime sur le domaine <span
class=GramE>du</span> <i>dar al islam</i>, le califat. Par conséquent, afin
de penser les relations entre les différents états musulmans, les juristes
ont inventé une fiction juridique : un état est le successeur du
califat, les autres étant considérés comme des groupes rebelles. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style='margin-top:24.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:1.15pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a
name="Acteurs_du_droit" id="Acteurs_du_droit0"></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>4 - Acteurs du droit<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Le_cadi"
id="Le_cadi0"></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;
line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Le cadi<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Le cadi
est le juge de droit musulman. Un appel contre ses décisions peut être
interjeté auprès du mufti.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<h3 style='margin-top:18.0pt;margin-right:61.8pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.5pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name="Le_mufti"
id="Le_mufti0"></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;
line-height:150%;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Le mufti<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Le mufti,
ou mollah pour les chiites, est une personne connaissant le droit musulman
à qui le requérant (personne physique ou morale) demande de rendre un
avis sur un problème juridique ou pratique, une demande de conformités aux
préceptes du droit musulman. Au terme de cette consultation, le mufti émet
une fatwa. Le premier mufti est Dieu, parlant par l'intermédiaire de Mahomet
(selon la croyance musulmane). A la disparition de celui-ci, la fonction de
mufti est endossée par les califes, puis par des personnes spécialisées
(Oulémas) et muftis. Le mufti est donc dans le système de droit musulman un
substitut de Dieu, un héritier du prophète. Il est celui qui distingue les
actes halal (licites) des actes <span class=SpellE>haram</span> illicites.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><br>
En l'absence de mufti pour le conseiller, un musulman ne sera pas tenu
responsable de ses actions s'il commet une erreur, quoi qu'il fasse : il
est considéré comme "ignorant" (<span class=SpellE>jehel</span>).
Il est donc nécessaire à toute société musulmane d'avoir un mufti, y
compris aujourd'hui. Bien que les états modernes n'aient plus techniquement
besoin de lui, par la mise sur papier d'un code, il n'est pas rare que des
muftis soient en ligne sur Internet ou répondent à des questions
à la télévision.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<h2 style='margin-top:24.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:1.15pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a name=L.27adel
id=L.27adel0></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>5 -
L'<span class=SpellE>adel</span><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>L'<span
class=SpellE>adel</span> (pluriel : <span class=SpellE>adouls</span>)
est le notaire de droit musulman. Au Maroc, c'est lui qui a la charge de
célébrer les mariages.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style='margin-top:24.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:1.15pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><a
name="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences" id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences0"></a><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Notes et références<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo24;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%'>
Voir cependant le cas de la Turquie, pays laïc. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div style='margin-left:3.75pt;float:right'>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:61.7pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt;
margin-left:29.4pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span
style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
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