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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body lang=FR style='tab-interval:35.4pt'> <div class=Section1> <div id=globalWrapper> <div id=column-content> <div id=content> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&nbsp; <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="80%" style='width:80.0%;mso-cellspacing:0cm;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td width="100%" style='width:100.0%;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'> <p style='margin-top:7.5pt;margin-right:4.5pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 3.75pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-line-height-alt:18.0pt'><span class=SpellE><b><span style='font-size:24.0pt'>Madhhab</span></b></span></p> <p style='margin-top:7.5pt;margin-right:4.5pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 3.75pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> <p style='margin-top:7.5pt;margin-right:26.35pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 29.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Le mot <span class=SpellE><b>madhhab</b></span> (arabe&nbsp;: <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>E0G(</span></span><span class=GramE> ,</span> pluriel&nbsp;:. <span class=SpellE>E0'G(</span> [<span class=SpellE>madhâhib</span>], <i>conception; croyance; école juridique musulmane</i>) évoque en arabe la voie à suivre dans l'interprétation des sources traditionnelles (Coran et hadith). Ce terme se réfère donc au <span class=SpellE>fiqh</span>, la jurisprudence musulmane.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:7.5pt;margin-right:26.35pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 29.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Les <span class=SpellE>madhâhib</span> qui existent aujourd'hui sont pour le sunnisme, le malékisme, le hanafisme, le <span class=SpellE>chaféisme</span> et le hanbalisme, et pour les chiites le <span class=SpellE>jafarisme</span> et le Zaydisme (très proche des écoles sunnites).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:7.5pt;margin-right:26.35pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 29.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Le 6 juillet 1959, Mahmoud <span class=SpellE>Chaltout</span>, recteur de la Mosquée al-Azhar du Caire délivre une fatwa historique reconnaissant le <span class=SpellE>jafarisme</span> (<span class=SpellE><i>Ja fari</i></span>) ou <span class=SpellE><i>ach</i></span><i>-Chia al-<span class=SpellE>Imamiyya</span> al-<span class=SpellE>Ithna</span>  <span class=SpellE>Achariyya</span></i> (c'est-à-dire le douzième imam des chiites) comme une <span class=SpellE><strong>madhhab</strong></span>, une école juridique musulmane qui est religieusement correcte à suivre dans le culte, comme peuvent l'être d'autres écoles de pensée sunnites. Par la suite, l'institut d'Al-Azhar prendra ses distances avec cette décision, tout comme la majorité des sunnites.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:7.5pt;margin-right:26.35pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 29.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>Plusieurs <span class=SpellE>madhâhib</span> sunnites anciennes ont disparu&nbsp;: l'école de La Mecque, l'école de Damas, celle de Basra, l'école de <span class=SpellE>Sufyân</span> Ath-<span class=SpellE>Thawriy</span> ( 161h.), d'Abû <span class=SpellE>Thawr</span> 854), de Abû <span class=SpellE>Ja</span>¿far <span class=SpellE>am</span>-<span class=SpellE>labarî</span> (connue comme <span class=SpellE>Jaririya</span>), de <span class=SpellE>Dâwûd</span> <span class=SpellE>Azh</span>-<span class=SpellE>Zhâhiriy</span> ( 157 = <span class=romain><span title="Nombre&nbsp;écrit en chiffres romains">IX</span></span></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt;line-height:150%'>e</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;siècle). La <span class=SpellE>madhhab</span> de ce dernier, dite <span class=SpellE>zhâhirite</span> a été revivifiée par Ibn <span class=SpellE>Hazm</span> au <span class=romain><span title="Nombre&nbsp;écrit en chiffres romains">XI</span></span></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt;line-height:150%'>e</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%'>&nbsp;siècle en Andalousie, avant de disparaître à son tour. Certains soufis n'hésitent cependant pas encore à l'évoquer.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-top:7.5pt;margin-right:4.5pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left: 3.75pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:18.0pt'>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>